Seven Ways of Learning

Developing Critical, Creative, and Dialogical Thinking

Is this learning that involves being aware of and improving one’s thinking process? Does this involve criticiz¬ing information, evaluating arguments and evidence, or reasoning to arrive at conclusions? Does this learning involve creative thinking by actually producing unusual but relevant new ideas? Does it involve appreciating what other people think? These are learning out-comes that are well served by learning through inquiry.

An English teacher encourages critical thinking about a text by asking students to respond in writing to a question she poses. After ten minutes or so, students pass what they have written to another student, who seeks to identify what is powerful or interesting in what the student is reading on that paper. The papers continue to rotate, and eventually the instructor asks students to share what they regard as the most compelling ideas. Then she uses these ideas to build a class discussion involving further inquiry about the text.

Teachers who want to use learning through inquiry effectively do the following:

• Know about the thinking process—the elements, rules, and fallacies—and use that knowledge to guide inquiry.
• Provide opportunities for students to actually do thinking.
• Create a safe environment to practice thinking, setting ground rules if necessary.
• Use questions strategically and avoid recitation.
• Allow students time to think during inquiry.
• Ask meaningful open-ended questions and anticipate possible responses.
• Actively manage and facilitate the discussion, keeping students on track while encouraging multiple perspectives.
• Use formative assessment methods to make student thinking visible and observable.
• When necessary, use summative assessment to measure reflective thinking in a way that does not interfere with experimentation and creativity.